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Answer:
DNP produces the loss of the proton gradient (i.e., the energy of the proton gradient is dissipated in the form of heat instead to produce ATP)
Explanation:
2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) acts to shuttle H+ ions across cellular membranes, bypassing the ATP synthase used by mitochondria to generate ATP during cellular respiration. Since DNP is able to bypass ATP synthase, this compound uncouples the phosphorylation of ADP by the ATP synthase from the process of oxidation (i.e., transport of electrons). For example, in muscle cells, DNP may be used to shuttle calcium ions (Ca +) from mitochondrial stores, and free intracellular Ca+ ions are evidenced to produce muscle contraction.
Answer:
The correct answer is b. recognizes foreign DNA sequences that have previously entered the cell and directs the Cas proteins to destroy them.
Explanation:
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPER) is the sequences of DNA found in the genome of prokaryotes and archaea. These sequences are added at a crisper locus in DNA by bacteria through capturing bacteriophage DNA during infection.
Then this sequence is used to detect a similar sequence of bacteriophage during subsequent infection and destroy them by Cas9 enzyme. Cas 9 enzyme uses a crisper sequence as a template to destroy similar phage DNA.
So the CRISPER Cas system provides an adaptive defense mechanism to bacteria against foreign DNA coming from bacteriophage. Therefore the correct answer is b.
Although recent studies suggest that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and pain may be related, the possible mediational role of depression in this relationship has not been examined. This study sought to examine this question in a sample of 130 male veterans seeking assessment or treatment for deployment-related PTSD. Results suggest that PTSD and pain are moderately related (r<span> = .29) but that this relationship is fully mediated by depression. Our findings have important clinical implications: Treatment of PTSD and pain in veteran populations should include careful assessment and regular monitoring of depression.</span>
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