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Alika [10]
3 years ago
8

What is the sequence of defense for fighting off pathogens

Biology
2 answers:
LenKa [72]3 years ago
8 0
When a pathogen comes in contact with your body, it has to breach the first line of defense to get inside. Your skin and mucus membranes are the main barrier here. Mucus traps the pathogens, and then is forced out of your body when you cough or blow your nose. Your skin also secretes chemicals that have antiviral properties, killing viruses on contact. If the pathogens get through that defense, the next line is non-specific immunity cells that patrol your tissues engulfing pathogens. There are other cells that do this, like macrophages, but the dendritic cells are most important for activating the third line of defense in your body.

Dendritic cells reside in your tissues, waiting for an invader to arrive. When they do find one, they engulf it and digest it. After they do this, they select pieces of the invader called antigens and put them on their surfaces. The dendritic cells migrate back to lymph nodes, key locations in your body filled with immune cells. There, they show the antigens, called antigen presentation, to two types of lymphocytes, T-cells and B-cells, activating them for a full immune response.
dimaraw [331]3 years ago
6 0

A. Tears --> Fever --> Antibodies

Explanation: Google-I mean I know best for yall hehe....I searched it up on google. Oop.

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TiliK225 [7]

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D

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Please help its due in a hour!!!!!
garri49 [273]

Answer:

1. The difference between the normal hemoglobin protein DNA sequence and the sickle cell hemoglobin DNA sequence is a base to base shift, in this case adenine (GAG) to thymine (GTG).

2. The difference affects the amino acid sequence of the protein by replacing glutamic acid (Glu) with valine (Val).

Explanation:

In sickle cell anemia, a change in the DNA nucleotide sequence is observed, where adenine is substituted by thymine, whose expression is the change in the amino acid sequence of globine β, incorporating valine instead of glutamic acid. This represents a molecular mutation - point mutation - by subtitution, which corresponds to missense mutation.

<u>Normal hemoglobin protein in a RBC</u>

DNA                 CTG ACT CCT GAG GAG AAG TCT

Amino acids     Leu  Thr   Pro   Glu   Glu   Lys   Ser

<u>Sickle cell hemoglobin protein in a RBC</u>

DNA                 CTG ACT CCT <em>GTG</em> GAG AAG TCT

Amino acids     Leu  Thr   Pro   <em>Val</em>   Glu   Lys   Ser

When GAG is transcribed to mRNA, the CUC codon is obtained, which codes for glutamic acid. Thymine substitution causes the DNA sequence to change to GTG, which is transcribed as CAC, the codon that encodes the amino acid valine. The <u>change from glutamic acid to valine in β-globin causes an altered hemoglobin, giving the abnormal erythrocytes observed in sickle cell disease</u>.

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correct

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