Answer:
C. $13,100U.
Explanation:
The cost variance is given by the difference between the actual cost of commissions and the projected cost of commissions of 30,000 units at $8 each:

Since the actual cost is higher than the anticipated cost, the balance is unfavorable.
Gridiron would report a cost variance of: C. $13,100U.
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Answer: $7,500
Explanation:
In calculating the Incremental income we will add the amount of variable Manufacturing costs Rory Company will save as well as the income they will get from selling the old machine and then subtract the cost price of the new machine.
Starting off we will calculate the amount of savings they will make by using the new machine,
= $12,000 x 5 years
= $60,000
Calculating the Incremental income therefore we have,
= 60,000 + 60,000(from selling old machine) - 112,500 (cost of new machine)
= $7,500
The incremental income of buying the new machine is $7,500.
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Answer: a) increase in the demand for Kindles.
Explanation: the substitution effect for substitute goods gives that, if the price of good A rises, the demand for good B rises. Since a substitute good is a good that can be used in place of another, they are goods that a consumer perceives as similar or are comparable, in such a way that having more of one good causes the consumer to desire less of the other good. From the viewpoint of price, and given that consumers always prefer to spend less in instances where two goods are substitutes, it then means that Kindle can be used and preferred in place of Nooks given that the price of Nooks had gone up. Therefore, increasing the price of Nooks causes a corresponding increase in the demand for Kindles.