Answer:
To move substances against a concentration or electrochemical gradient, a cell must use energy. Active transport mechanisms do just this, expending energy (often in the form of ATP) to maintain the right concentrations of ions and molecules in living cells.
Explanation:
Answer:
This is because the receptor is in the interior of the cell
Explanation:
When a specific signaling molecule is added to a cell whose cell surface has been stripped off by proteins the cell still responds because the receptor is in the interior of the cell.
Receptors are divided into two categories which are;
- Intracellular receptors or internal receptors which are found in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell. They respond to hydrophobic ligand molecules which are able to travel across the plasma membrane
- Cell surface receptors which are found in the plasma membrane
Signalling molecules are necessary for the coordination of cellular responses by serving as ligands and binding to cell receptors.
A type of signaling molecule are the small hydrophobic ligands which can directly diffuse through the plasma membrane and interact with internal receptors unlike the water soluble ligands. This is why the cell still responds after you strip off all proteins on the cell surface.
NOTE: Nitric oxide (NO) is a gas that also acts as a ligand, therefore it can pass through the plasma membrane of the cell and interact with receptors.
6 & 7
Structure 6 is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ( RER) while structure 7 is the Golgi apparatus.
Explanation:
The RER has ribosomes aligning its outer membrane (reason why it's referred to as called rough ER). The ribosomes manufacture polypeptide chains that enter the lumen of the RER. The polypeptide chains are properly folded using chaperones in the lumen of the RER and undergo post-translation modifications, These proteins then undergo Quality Control checks and the proper ones are allowed to proceed to the Golgi apparatus.
Proteins from the RER reach the Golgi apparatus through vesicles that bud off of the <em>trans</em> side of the RER then fuse with the <em>cis </em>side of the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi perform a few more modifications to the proteins including tagging them for delivery , then packages them. Vesicles carrying the proteins bud off of the <em>trans</em> side of the Golgi and get transported to their destination inside or outside the cell.
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I'm certain the answer is liquid. I hope this helps you! <3
The answer to your question is called terminal velocity.
