Answer:
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Explanation:
The basic theory illustrated in (Figure) is that, because of the existence of fixed costs in most production processes, in the first stages of production and subsequent sale of the products, the company will realize a loss. For example, assume that in an extreme case the company has fixed costs of ?20,000, a sales price of ?400 per unit and variable costs of ?250 per unit, and it sells no units. It would realize a loss of ?20,000 (the fixed costs) since it recognized no revenue or variable costs. This loss explains why the company’s cost graph recognized costs (in this example, ?20,000) even though there were no sales. If it subsequently sells units, the loss would be reduced by ?150 (the contribution margin) for each unit sold. This relationship will be continued until we reach the break-even point, where total revenue equals total costs. Once we reach the break-even point for each unit sold the company will realize an increase in profits of ?150.
For each additional unit sold, the loss typically is lessened until it reaches the break-even point. At this stage, the company is theoretically realizing neither a profit nor a loss. After the next sale beyond the break-even point, the company will begin to make a profit, and the profit will continue to increase as more units are sold. While there are exceptions and complications that could be incorporated, these are the general guidelines for break-even analysis.
As you can imagine, the concept of the break-even point applies to every business endeavor—manufacturing, retail, and service. Because of its universal applicability, it is a critical concept to managers, business owners, and accountants. When a company first starts out, it is important for the owners to know when their sales will be sufficient
Answer:
10.25%
Explanation:
Data provided in the question:
Long-term debt = 45%, after-tax cost = 7%
Preferred stock = 15%, after-tax cost = 10%
Common stock equity = 40%, after-tax cost = 14%
Now,
The weighted average cost of capital for this firm will be calculated as:
= Long term debt × after-tax cost + Preferred stock × after-tax cost + Common stock equity × after-tax cost
or
= 0.45 × 0.07 + 0.15 × 0.10 + 0.40 × 0.14
or
= 0.0315 + 0.015 + 0.056
= 0.1025
or
= 0.1025 × 100%
= 10.25%
Answer:
d. Firm A will spend $4,000.
Explanation:
Since Firm B cost of Cleanup before it gets the the river is less than the cost of pollution permits, it will choose to clean up its pollution.
However, since Firm A cleanup cost per ton ($100) is greater than the cost of the pollution permit, it will choose to buy permits.
Maximum Allowable Number of Permits=40
Therefore, Firm A will clean up 10 Tons and dump 40 Tons of Waste.
Cost =(10 Tons *$100)+(40 Tons * $75)
=$(1000+3000)
=$4000.
Firm A will spend $4000.
