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Alenkinab [10]
3 years ago
12

If flavoprotein performs the alternate pathway of transferring an electron directly to oxygen rather than to the next component

of the etc, what toxic molecules are produced? what other effects of bypassing the etc have on the cell?
Biology
1 answer:
Alona [7]3 years ago
5 0
If flavoprotein performs the alternate pathway of transferring an electron directly to oxygen rather than to the next component of the ETC, TWO toxic molecules are produced. These cellular toxic molecules are HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2) AND SUPEROXIDE RADICALS (O2-). These toxins are reactive oxygen species (ROS) that produce free radicals.

This alternate pathway also results in damaging of the cells and early aging of the cells. There are enzymes such as catalase and superoxide dismutase that catalyse the reaction for the degradation of these toxins.
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Is blood clotting an example of a positive or negative feedback mechanism? Explain your answer based on the description of the m
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Answer:

Blood clothing is an example of positive feedback.

This type of feedback mechanism is useful to the body because it multiplies the factor that intervenes in clotting accelerating the process.

If a toxin affects the molecules that signal for platelets the feedback will not be effective enough to produce clotting and the body will keep bleeding.

Explanation:

Blood clotting is an example of positive feedback due to the fact that when the vascular endothelium is damaged  platelets will go to this area and activate themselves once they are in contact with the collagen fibers of the damaged structure. When the platelets are activated they will release the contents that is stored in their granules. One of the contents is a Gq-linked protein receptor cascade,  that will increase the concentration of calcium in the platelets. Calcium activates protein kinase C, which, in turn, activates phospholipase A2 (PLA2). PLA2  will modifies  an  integrin membrane  increasing its affinity to bind fibrinogen. The activated platelets change their  shape , and the fibrinogen cross-links with the integrin membrane aiding  in  the aggregation of adjacent platelets. After this the coagulation cascade takes place. there are two pathways the extrinsic  and the extrinsic one.

The extrinsic pathway will be activated due to tissular factor released  by the platelets and the intrinsic pathway will be activated due to endothelial collagen. The final product of both pathways is factor x.

Factor x will transform prothrombin into thrombin will activate the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin. Thrombin will form a net of fibrin that will the clot.

A cascade reaction is useful because every component of the cascade are related making a quick reaction once that one of then is activated and can activate other or more factors.

If a toxin affects the molecules that signals for platelets, platelets will not go to the damaged area and in consequence there will not be thrombin and fibrin to form the clot together with platelets.

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3 years ago
If a cell culture has 3 x 105 cells per ml , and the culture flasks hold 75 ml of culture each and you have 12 flasks, how many
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There are 27 x 10⁷ cells in total for the given conditions of cell culture.

Since it is given that the cell culture contains 3 x 10⁵ cells per ml and there are 12 culture flasks in total. It is also given that each of the culture flask holds 75 ml of culture.

Therefore, to calculate the total capacity of the flasks the total number of flasks should be multiplied with the individual capacity of a flask:-

75 x 12 = 900 ml

Now, in order to calculate the total number of cells in the given culture., the total capacity of the flasks i.e. 900 ml should be multiplied with 3 x 10⁵ cells per ml in the following manner:-

900 x (3 x 10⁵) = 2700 x 10⁵ = 27 x 10⁷ cells

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