The correct option is: "Londoners developed breathing problems due to the smog. - Coal mines polluted the surrounding environment."
Coal was the main source of energy for the first Industrial Revolution, fueled the steam engine and was crucial in the steel industry. Until the industrial revolution, the most used energy came from wood and charcoal. Its consumption was producing a huge deforestation.
Although the operation of the mines (iron beams to support the galleries, methods of ventilation, methods to extract the water, use of trolleys on rails) was greatly improved, in order to increase the productivity, the work in them became something very dangerous and very painful.
The Industrial Revolution in the mid-eighteenth century caused many people to move from the villages to London, shooting the smog during the winters. Its high point came in the winter of 1952. London was paralyzed for five days by smog.
Topographer
Topographer studies Topograph which is the studies of Natural and Human-Made Landforms such as roads and contours. They are very skilled at maps and have a vast experience in secondary data.
This is of course somewhat of a subjective question, but in general most would agree that "<span>a. Islam as a tradition was compatible with a trading culture" would be correct since this led to the spread of ideas. </span>
I personally think it's 2.Mixed Bloods held a majority of the votes.