True, because the kidneys filter out waste in most living things.
Answer: A. ionic
In ionic bonds electron are transferred from one atom to another. In ionic bonds , the metal atom loses electrons to become positively charged cation whereas the nonmetal atom accepts those electrons to become negatively charged anion.
Polypeptids
A polypeptide is a linear chain (without ramifications) of aminoacids linked by peptidic-bonds. We speak of a polypeptide when the chain contains between 10 and 100 amino acids. Above 100 amino acids are generally referred to as protein.
Among them, multicyclic peptides, phosphorylated peptides or those incorporating non-peptide bonds or conjugated peptides.
Starch
Starch is a mixture of two homopolymers, amylose and amylopectin
* Amylose, slightly branched with short branches and a molecular weight of between 10,000 and 1,000,000 Dalton (600 to 1000 glucose molecules).
* amylopectin or isoamylose, a branched molecule with long branches every 24 to 30 glucose units via α (1-6) bonds. Its molecular weight can range from 1,000,000 to 100,000,000 Dalton (between 10,000 and 100,000 glucose units).
To summarize the structure of the polypeptides is still linear, but the structure of the starch has ramifications.
* More than 40 proteins and glycoproteins involved in the complement system are synthesized by the liver, macrophages, epithelial cells, they are present in the blood in plasmatic form, membrane, some have an enzymatic activity, regulator or membrane receptorThese are elements of the humoral innate immune response, they fight infections, purify immune complexes and apoptotic bodies.
<span>There are indeed three ways to activate the complement:</span>
Classical pathway: Activated by Immunoglobulins in immune complexes, aggregated Immunoglobulins, DNA, CRP, apoptotic bodies .......it involves nine fractions, starting with C1, then C4, C2, C3, to form a classical C5 convertase, then, activation of C5, C6, C7, C8, C9.
Alternative pathway: activated by polysaccharides (bacterial endotoxin), vascular wall poor in sialic acid, aggregated IgE ...C3b like is the first component in the alternate channel cascade, it will create an amplification loop, and form an alternative C5 convertase.
Lecithin pathway: Activated by mannose, fucose (carbohydrate of microorganisms)The first component is the complex MBL / MASP1 / MASP2: "mannose-binding protein": works according to the same principle as the complex C1 of the classical way (MASP2 cleaves the C4 and the rest of the cascade is equivalent to that of the classical way).
the three ways have the same outcome: A C5 convertase (formed by one of the pathways) cleaves C5 into C5a and C5b: C5b is deposited far from other fractions on the antigenic surface. The fixation of C5b in the cell is followed by that of C6, C7, C8, and C9 (9 molecules of C9): formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) ==> Death of the cell by osmotic shock
