Answer:
θ = 68.9º
Explanation:
The equation that governs the process of light passing through a polarizer is described by Malus's law
I = I₀ cos² θ
Where I is the transmitted intensity, I₀ is the incident intensity and TE is the angle between the light and the polarizer
If i is 0.13I₀, we substitute in the equation
0.13 Io = I₀ cos² θ
Cos² θ = 0.13
Cos θ = √ 0.13
θ = cos⁻¹ (0.36056)
θ = 68.9º
An imbalance of electrons causes an object to be charged. A charged substance is one that has a net charge that is not zero. If the number of protons and that of electrons is equal in an object, the object is not neutral, but it has zero charge. Loss or gain of electrons determine the charge of an object, when an object loses electrons it becomes positively charged, but when it gains electrons it becomes negatively charged.