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JulijaS [17]
3 years ago
11

Hello, a little help please guys:( Explain how the series of experiments performed by Crookes, Thomson, Rutherford, and Chadwick

represent the process of developing and refining a scientific theory.
Chemistry
1 answer:
White raven [17]3 years ago
7 0
<span>I did some investigation and summarized the process and made a clearer explanation so those who are confused can imagine the process better :) A scientific theory attempts to explain and describe why things happen. Hypotheses are formed and experiments are done to validate or toss the hypothesis based on the data collected. The Atomic Theory has gone through lots of refining as a scientific theory. For instance, William Crookes conduced an experiment with cathode ray tubes powered by electricity that glowed when powered. Crookes placed an object in between the positive and negative electrode and concluded that the shadow made on the positive side was small particles of matter traveling from the negative side. But more evidence was needed so, later on, J.J. Thomson continued Crookes experiment. He tested what would happen if a negative or positive charged rod was placed along the ray tubes and if it would differ if a different element was used as the negative electrode. Thomson found out that the beam had negatively charged particles and that even if the negative electrode is substituted, the glow is still present, meaning that all elements also had the small negative particles. These particles(now known as electrons) were smaller than the atom and were added to the model of the atom dispersed throughout the neutrally charged atom inside its positive sphere. Now came along Rutherford hoping to support Thomsons model by firing positively charged particles at a thin gold foil thinking it would go straight through the foil, but instead it evenly distributed as they went through the foil, concluding that atoms have a small, dense nucleus(containing positive protons and most of the mass of the atom) that deflected the particles passing through. This was a drastic change in the model now knowing that 1 proton has 2000 times the mass of an electron, but its positive charge cancels the negative electron. After WW1, Chadwick and others were seeing that sometimes the mass of the atom was greater than the mass of the protons and the number of protons was less than the mass of the atom. So it was thought that there were extra electrons and protons adding mass in the nucleus but cancelling their charges, but Rutherford proposed a particle with mass but no charge and called it a neutron; made of paired protons and electrons. But scientists kept studying atoms since there was no evidence of the neutron. Chadwick repeated these experiments though, in hopes to find the neutron and succeeded in 1932, finding it in the nucleus with a close mass to the proton. Thanks to these experiments for refining a scientific theory, we now have a clearer model of the atom.</span>
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3 years ago
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Summarize atomic radius
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3 years ago
In a process for producing acetic acid, oxygen gas is bubbled into acetaldehyde, CH3CHO, containing manganese(II) acetate (catal
grigory [225]

<u>Answer:</u> The mass of acetic acid that can be produced is 30.24 grams

<u>Explanation:</u>

To calculate the number of moles, we use the equation:

\text{Number of moles}=\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}     .....(1)

  • <u>For acetaldehyde:</u>

Given mass of acetaldehyde = 22.2 g

Molar mass of acetaldehyde = 44 g/mol

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

\text{Moles of acetaldehyde}=\frac{22.2g}{44g/mol}=0.504mol

  • <u>For oxygen gas:</u>

Given mass of oxygen  gas = 12.6 g

Molar mass of oxygen gas = 32 g/mol

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

\text{Moles of oxygen gas}=\frac{12.6g}{32g/mol}=0.394mol

The given chemical equation follows:

2CH_3CHO(l)+O_2(g)\rightarrow 2CH_3COOH(l)

By Stoichiometry of the reaction:

2 moles of acetaldehyde reacts with 1 mole of oxygen gas

So, 0.504 moles of acetaldehyde will react with = \frac{1}{2}\times 0.504=0.252mol of oxygen gas

As, given amount of oxygen gas is more than the required amount. So, it is considered as an excess reagent.

Thus, acetaldehyde is considered as a limiting reagent because it limits the formation of product.

By Stoichiometry of the reaction:

2 moles of acetaldehyde produces 2 moles of acetic acid

So, 0.504 moles of acetaldehyde will produce = \frac{2}{2}\times 0.504=0.504moles of acetic acid

Now, calculating the mass of acetic acid from equation 1, we get:

Molar mass of acetic acid = 60 g/mol

Moles of acetic acid = 0.504 moles

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

0.504mol=\frac{\text{Mass of acetic acid}}{60g/mol}\\\\\text{Mass of acetic acid}=(0.504mol\times 60g/mol)=30.24g

Hence, the mass of acetic acid that can be produced is 30.24 grams

8 0
3 years ago
Consider the gas phase reaction 4HCl + O2 → 2Cl2 + 2H2O. What volume of chlorine gas at STP can be prepared from the reaction of
SOVA2 [1]

Answer:

c

Explanation:

7 0
3 years ago
A metal atom loses electrons from its outermost energy level and acquires a...... Charge. These electrons join a nonmetal atom.
sp2606 [1]

Answer : A metal atom loses electrons from its outermost energy level and acquires a Positive Charge. These electrons join a nonmetal atom. The ionic compound formed because of this transfer of electrons is electrically Neutral.

Explanation :

All the elements try to acquire octet state by gaining or losing electrons. For metals, the number of valence electrons are less and it is easier to lose these electrons.

When electrons are lost, the number of protons become more than the electrons. This creates an excess of positive charge. As a result the species becomes positively charged and is known as cation.

During formation of ionic bond, metals always form a positive ion (cation) by losing electrons. These electrons are accepted by the nonmetals and they become negatively charged. A negatively charged ion is known as anion and nonmetals always form an anion.

These are attracted to each other due to the opposite charges present on them. In an ionic compound they balance the charges on each other making the compound neutral.

From the above discussion, we can fill in the blanks as follows.

A metal atom loses electrons from its outermost energy level and acquires a Positive Charge. These electrons join a nonmetal atom. The ionic compound formed because of this transfer of electrons is electrically Neutral.



7 0
3 years ago
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