Answer: 3. Punishing behaviour that deviates from the terminal behaviour
Explanation: shaping procedure is the process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired terminal behavior. It usually starts by reinforcing a behaviour that the individual already has and in some way related to the terminal (desired) behaviour; this is the first approximaion. After this is strengthened, the reinforcement is extinguished and then the next behaviour which is a closer approximation is strengthened and eventually extinguished.
This process continues with each approximation closer to the terminal behaviour until the terminal behaviour is achieved. For every step or approximation, the previous reinforcement has to be extinguished in order to move the process closer to the end goal, which is the terminal (desired) behaviour.
The correct answer is B. Increasing
Explanation:
In sociology, poverty occurs when an individual or a group of people are unable to pay for basic elements such as food, clothes, and housing and therefore basics need are not fulfilled or at least not completely satisfied. Poverty rates vary according to the country or zone, but also according to different groups in society. In the case of elderly, this is a group in society that is at risk of experiencing poverty due to lack of job opportunities, lack of saving and health issues that stop them from working. Because of this, it is estimated in the U.S. a decade ago around 9% of elderly people living in poverty and unfortunately, in the last years, this percentage has increased to around 15% mainly due to the economic recession the U.S. experienced during the 21st century along with programs and laws that have increased taxes. Therefore, today the poverty rate of the elderly in the United States is mainly increasing.
Answer: b. Combine physical contact with verbal praise
Explanation:
This is the best option of the options listed. Combining physical contact with verbal praise can have the effect of augmenting the verbal praise and giving it more power so to speak. For example, saying congratulations and then shaking a person's hand can really increase the weight of the congratulatory remark.
Using this method instead of the other options will help avoid confusion in the child as well as reduce the chance of the praise becoming meaningless as it was said one too many times.
Answer:
Symbolic interactionism is a sociological theory that develops from practical considerations and alludes to people's particular utilization of dialect to make images and normal implications, for deduction and correspondence with others. In other words, it is a frame of reference to better understand how individuals interact with one another to create symbolic worlds, and in return, how these worlds shape individual behaviors. It is a framework that helps understand how society is preserved and created through repeated interactions between individuals. The interpretation process that occurs between interactions helps create and recreate meaning. It is the shared understanding and interpretations of meaning that affect the interaction between individuals. Individuals act on the premise of a shared understanding of meaning within their social context. Thus, interaction and behavior is framed through the shared meaning that objects and concepts have attached to them. From this view, people live in both natural and symbolic environments.
Explanation:
An ethnic group<span>, such as Japanese or Russian, is a term that refers to a group of human beings who's members identify with one another based on common ancestry and culture.</span>
