Answer:
programs aimed at reducing poverty leves in the city
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It was the "Open Door Policy" that was the name of the trading policy that Secretary of State John Hay initiated with China and the European nations that already had a presence there, since the US wanted to benefit from trade with China as well.
The reason and cause of the crusades was a war between Christians and Moslems which centered around the city of Jerusalem and the Holy places of Palestine. The City of Jerusalem held a Holy significance to the Christian religion. Two major effects of the Crusades were that the kings' authority increased and the Europeans learned about new things from the Muslims they encountered. During the Crusades, the kings increased taxes to fund the cause. Many peasants also left their land to fight, and when they died, the land went to the king.
