<em>The botulinum toxin, a poison produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum), is common in soil and exists in untreated water. It can survive in these environments as a resistant spore. Foodborne botulism is caused by consuming foods containing the botulinum toxin.</em>
Be more specific please on this question
They are called paleontologists.
Answer:
a The volume of the liquid should be measured before it is heated.
Explanation:
A student would like to determine how heating a liquid changes its volume. The student hypothesizes that the liquid will increase in volume. The following list shows the steps taken by the student in order to test the hypothesis.
Select the liquid to test.
Place the liquid in a sealed container.
Use a Bunsen burner to heat the liquid by 10°C.
Measure the volume of the liquid.
Record the results.
What is wrong with how the student conducted the investigation?
a The volume of the liquid should be measured before it is heated.
b The hypothesis was not valid because it is impossible for liquids to change in volume.
c The student should have increased the temperature of the liquid by more than 10ºC.
d The length of time it took for the liquid to be heated should be measured.
The answer is A i.e The volume of the liquid should be measured before it is heated. I think this is surely right!!
The 75% energy which does not do any useful work gets dissipated as thermal energy in gasoline engines.
Explanation:
The efficiency of any engine like gasoline engine is the ratio of work done in contrast to heat or energy provided.
Gasoline engines are internal combustion engine. The thermal efficiency is calculated of these engines.
work done or efficiency= 
or heat absorbed is divided by heat used in doing work
the friction and in other forms heat gets lost.
In gasoline engine about 65 to 75 % heat gets emitted without any useful work done. The heat gets lost in friction, air turbulence, noise and work input to turn on the engine. After the dissipation of heat in it only 25% is used up by vehicle having gasoline engines.
