If enough ejecta (mainly ash) is sent into the upper atmosphere, the dust particles will block solar energy causing a decrease in temperature. This has happened in the past. Look for the year without summer caused by a volcanic eruption.
It is limited by it's surface area.
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Disease can be density-dependent because organisms have to live close enough to one another for the disease to spread.
There are enough resources for each new member of the population to use (apex) Earth science [sem 2]
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osmosis? I hope I'm right