A molted external skeleton.
Each chromosome (replicated or not) contains 2 chromatids.
The photosynthesis reaction(s) (by green plants in sunlight)
6 C02 + 6 H20 =>C6H1206 + 6 02
I believe this is because the frameshift mutations can affect many amino acids.
Frame shift mutation is produced by either insertion of deletion of one or more new bases. Since the reading frame begins at the start site, any mRNA produced from mutated DNA sequence will be read out of frame after the point of the insertion or deletion, thus producing a nonsense protein.