Answer: a tax equal to the external cost.
Explanation:
The most efficient taxes are those that will be equal to the external cost of production that a company is imposing on the environment. This means in effect that a company is paying for the pollution it is inflicting on the environment.
Companies polluting less would pay less and those polluting more would pay more. This is the logic of a tax equal to the external cost.
Answer:
a. $1,028 million
b. 46.7%
Explanation:
a. Dividends are taken from the retained earnings and net income is added to the retained earnings. The formula for ending retained earnings is;
Ending retained earnings = Opening Retained earnings + Net Income - Dividends
14,329 = 13,157 + 2,200 - Dividends
Dividends = 13,157 + 2,200 - 14,329
Dividends = $1,028 million
b. Dividends as a percentage of income
= 1,028/2,200
= 0.467
= 46.7%
