When water freezes to form ice, the molecules would be vibrating in place rather than moving round. It is a result of a decrease in the kinetic energy of the molecules of water. It is said that the temperature and the kinetic energy of the molecules is directly proportional which means that when temperature is increased, the kinetic energy of the molecules would increase as well making the molecules move around. However for this case, when we day the system is cooled then it means the temperature is decreased which would result to the decrease of the kinetic energy of the molecules.
The type of bonding and the numbers of covalent bonds an atom can form with other atoms are determined by the unpaired electrons present in the valence shell. The electrons are called the valence electrons. These are the electrons that can participate in chemical bonding.
