25 POINTS!!!! ANATOMY!!!!!!!!
1 answer:
<span>The 4 categories of macromolecules include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates (grains and vegetables) are the largest group at the base of the pyramid, proteins (milk, poultry, eggs, nuts) follow up the pyramid while lipids (fats and oils) are the least amount at the summit of the pyramid. </span>
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</span><span>The aim of the pyramid is to recommend ideal rations for a healthy diet. Carbohydrates provide most of the energy needs for the days’ activities hence taking the largest portion. Proteins are used in building muscles, f0r nutrition, and body’s immunity hence required in lesser amounts compared to carbohydrates. Lipids help the body store energy since they have thrice as much energy as carbohydrates.They also a constituent of cell membranes and also help deliver vitamins. They are required in the least amount to avoid obesity and related illnesses such as cardiovascular <span>diseases</span></span>
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Answer and Explanation:
First, you need to know how to interpret a pedigree representation.
- Family members
→ Individuals are represented with geometrical figures.
→ Males are squares
→ Females are circles
- Trait/Phenotype
→ Healthy/normal/not affected individuals are represented with empty figures
→ Affected/mutated individuals are represented with solid black figures
- Generations
→ Each file is represented with a roman number, indicating the Generation.
Now, what we need to do is to draw a pedigree for a hitchhiker’s thumb. We know that this is an autosomal dominant trait, which we will represent with an H. No hitchhiker's thumb is the recessive trait, and it will be represented with an h.
Our pedigree should cover at least two generations and include both dominant and recessive forms of the trait.
- We can cross two heterozygous individuals, Hh, who are the first generation in our pedigree.
- This cross will result in a woman and a man with No hitchhiker's thumb, another man with a hitchhiker's thumb, HH, and another woman with a hitchhiker's thumb, Hh. These individuals will represent the second generation in the pedigree.
- Finally, we can cross the man with No hitchhiker's thumb, hh, with a woman who does not have a hitchhiker's thumb either, hh. And the woman with a hitchhiker's thumb, Hh, with a man with a hitchhiker's thumb, HH. The result of these crosses will be the third generation.
The representation would be like following,
I → <u>First-generation:</u> First cross
- Man Hh (1)
- Woman Hh (2)
II → <u>Second-Generation:</u> F1 and second crosses
- Man hh (3) x Woman hh (4)
- Woman hh (5)
- Man HH (6)
- Woman Hh (7) x Man HH (8)
III → <u>Third-Generation:</u>
- A boy (9) and a girl (10) hh
- A girl (11) HH
You will find this pedigree in the attached files. In this example, we included three generations. The first one belongs to the grandparents, the second one to parents, aunts/uncles, and the third one to grandchildren.
If you draw another pedigree, remember to include
- the figures representing males and females,
- color and H/h representing the phenotype,
- Roman numbers representing the generations, and optional, numbers naming each member.
