pH is the negative log of hydrogen ion concentration.
pH = -[logH⁺]
It means when the ions concentration increases pH will be low and when H⁺ concentration ions decreases pH will be greater. The pH range is 0-14.
If the pH is 7 the solution is neutral, if it is less than 7 the solution will be acidic and above 7 the solution is basic.
when CO₂ is added with water carbonic acid is formed and yield H⁺ ions which decreases the pH thus its color changes from red to yellow just like phenolic indicator. When phenol red is added into the acidic solution the color changes from red to yellow.
and when carbon dioxide is take off from photosynthesis process it means H⁺ ions are going to be decreased thus color changes from yellow to red.
Land animals require more energy since they have to overcome greater inertia during locomotion. Land mammals have adopted many evolutionary mechanisms to support high energy demand.
Heart is four chambered instead of the usual two in aquatic animals like fishes. More number of divisions in heart increases the efficiency of blood circulation process which in turn increases the oxygen delivery rate to cells for producing more energy.
Land mammals also have developed lungs which increase the efficiency of gas exchange process which increases the output of respiration process.
In addition, land mammals also have a strong and developed musculoskeletal system which helps in locomotion.
In the first cross one of the parent has only dominant allele and one has only recessive allele that means the offspring in F1 will be 100% heterozygous
XxYyZz
the gametes resulted from this individual are
XYZ XYz XyZ Xyz xYZ xYz xyZ xyz
it produces 8 types of gamets one of which is xyz the proportion is 1/8
