The correct answer is cognitive dissonance.
Cognitive dissonance (CD) refers to a state or situation in which a person experiences feelings of discomfort that results from holding two contradictory thoughts, attitudes or beliefs. An instance of cognitive dissonance is the feeling a long-term smoker experiences when he reads an article about an increasing number of deaths due to lung cancer which is heavily caused by smoking.
The option that is an example of spillover costs is A. a manufacturer continues to pollute a river because it does not pay the costs for cleaning it.
<u>'Spillover costs' refers to a consequence that affects a third party that has not taken part in a decision</u>. In other words, 'spillover costs' makes reference to the damage provoked by another person to a third party. This idea is often used to talk about pollution, as it happens in option A). In this case,<u> the consequences of pollution experienced by the third party, who must pay the costs for cleaning pollution, are the spillover costs</u>.
A. Public speaking skills
<span>Involuntary, automatic, innate responses to stimuli are called reflex behaviors.
</span> When the body or part of the body makes involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus then that is a reflex. The reflex does not receive or need conscious thought. It is an automatic response to a stimulus.
