<span>the interference of two waves of equal frequency and opposite phase, resulting in their cancellation where the negative displacement of one always coincides with the positive displacement of the other.</span>
One carbon atom has 4 valence electrons. Hope this helps
For obtaining an adequate amount of DNA samples for DNA fingerprinting, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that is used to amplify the DNA sample. The steps included in PCR are:-
1. Denaturation of the double-stranded DNA (at around 95°C)
2. Annealing of the primers to each of the single-stranded DNA templates ( at around 65°C)
3. Extension or elongation of the primers by considering every single-stranded DNA as a template. This elongation is carried out by <em>Taq </em>polymerase (at around 72°C).
With each cycle of PCR, the DNA sample is increased by 2ⁿ. Here, 'n' represents the number of PCR cycles.
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Cancer cells can arise in a variety of ways, the most common, however, tends to be genetic mutations.
Genetic mutations can occur during the life of a cell due to outside factors such as:
- The <u>food </u>we eat
- The <u>environment </u>we expose the cell to
- The <u>substances </u>that touch the cell (e.g skin cells)
That being said, the most common time for a genetic mutation to take place is during cellular division. During this time the DNA that encodes the cells is duplicated. Genetic mutations in this DNA sometimes cause the elimination of <u>programmed cell death</u>.
<u>Programmed cell death </u>is what tells a cell when it should stop growing and dividing. This is a <u>regulatory function </u>designed to keep the number of cells at a balance, growing only when needed. As this cell multiplies, this produces an increasing number of cells that will not die. The <u>accumulation </u>of these cells is referred to as cancer.
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Soft tissues are found throughout the body. There are many types of soft tissue, including fat, muscle, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves. Soft tissues surround, support and connect organs and other tissues in the body