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All the energy goes into melting the ice. Ice and water are <em>at equilibrium</em> during melting, so the temperature does not change.
Once all the ice has melted to water, the temperature will rise.
The Lewis structures for formate ion and carbon dioxide are shown in the attached pictures. As you can see, the formate ion consists of one C=O bond and one C-O bond, while carbon dioxide has two C=O bonds. Double bonds are weaker, hence, longer compared to single bonds. Therefore, the C-O bonds in the formate ion is shorter than those in carbon dioxide.