Answer:
Loss of lands, loss of trade, some gains in health and literacy
Explanation:
The direct European colonization of Africa started in the late nineteenth century and lasted till the late twentieth century. It was termed New Imperialism and it resulted in different outcomes for the continent.
However majorly, the European colonization of Africa resulted in "Loss of lands, loss of trade, some gains in health and literacy."
This is because, during this period, it was the Europeans that were controlling the African lands and its resources, including its trades.
However, the Africans were exposed and gain better health facilities and were educated in western education.
A land between the rivers
Answer:
The Holy Roman Empire faced many territorial challenges.
Explanation:
The first challenge was in Italy: the Italian states that were part of the Holy Roman Empire were separated from the German hinterland by the Alps, which imposed a communication barrier that made it very difficult for Emperors to hold control over these lands.
In what is now Germany, there were also territorial issues. The land was divided among countless states: duchies, counties, princedoms, fiefdoms, city-states, and so on, something that made coordination at the imperial level very difficult.
As centuries passed, the Holy Roman Empire lost control over several possessions: it lost most of the Low Countries, and the Italian city-states like the Duchy of Milan and the Republic of Venice became fully independent.
They had to face slavery, and whites had the authorities that colored people didn't.
