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disa [49]
3 years ago
12

Describe peptide bonding and provide an example

Biology
2 answers:
Bogdan [553]3 years ago
7 0

Answer:

peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of other molecules.

examples: hormone oxytocin

miskamm [114]3 years ago
4 0

Answer:

A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed between two amino acids. Living organisms use peptide bonds to form long chains of amino acids, known as proteins. Proteins are used in many roles including structural support, catalyzing important reactions, and recognizing molecules in the environment. A peptide bond is therefore the basis of most biological reactions. Forming peptide bonds is a requirement for all life, and the process is very similar in all forms of life.

Explanation:

You might be interested in
(04.04 LC)
podryga [215]

Answer:

A) The production of energy without the presence of oxygen  - Anaerobic respiration

B) The chemical breakdown of a substance  - Fermentation

C) The breakdown of food to create energy in the presence of oxygen  - Aerobic respiration

D) An organic molecule that occurs as an intermediate in many metabolic processes - Pyruvate

Explanation:

A) Anaerobic respiration is a type of cellular energy production that occurs in the absence of oxygen. it is much less efficient than aerobic respiration (see question C). In cellular respiration, cells produce ATP, which is the "currency" of energy in the cell, by breaking down glucose. ATP is required to carry out the normal functions of a cell.

As it is much less efficient than aerobic respiration, it produces much less ATP. However, when there is no oxygen, it is the only choice. An example is when muscle cells are working very hard and use up all the oxygen in the tissue. To keep producing some energy, they undergo anaerobic respiration, which only produces 2 molecules of ATP for every molecule of glucose.

B) In respiration, Fermentation is a pathway of breaking down glucose into chemical energy that occurs in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration can lead to two types of fermentation, lactic acid fermentation (described above) and ethanol fermentation which is another type of anaerobic respiration in which fungi (such as yeast) break down glucose into ethanol, producing 2 molecules of ATP carbon dioxide as a by-product. This is how we make bread and beer!

C) Aerobic respiration is cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen. It creates a net gain of 36 molecules of ATP, compared to the 2 ATPs created without oxygen. This is because in aerobic respiration, the oxygen acts as a final electron acceptor for the electron transport chain. In its absence the electron transport chain cannot proceed. The electron transport chain is how cells generate most of their chemical energy.

D) Pyruvate is an important molecule in the process of respiration. Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration begin with the same process, glycolysis. Glycolysis is the process by which 1 molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate - a metabolic intermediate. This releases 2 molecules of ATP. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is oxidised and enters the Krebs cycle, which makes a series of compounds that donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which produces extra ATPs through oxidative phosphorylation.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted either to lactic acid or ethanol by fermentation

5 0
3 years ago
Compare and contrast osmotic challenges faced by animals in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial environments, and the adaptation
Gnesinka [82]

Answer:

  • Fresh water fish have higher salt contents in their bodies than in their environments.
  • Marine fishes have less salt in their bodies than their environment
  • Terrestrial organisms have the challenge of water retention due to atmospheric contact.

Explanation:

FRESH WATER OSMOREGULATION

The salt concentration in salt water fish is higher than the concentration found in its environment (fresh water). This causes water to enter into the body of the fish through osmosis and without regulating processes, the fish is bound to swell and likely burst.To compensate for this challenge, the kidney in fresh water fish produces a large amount of urine, causing them to lose salt. To ensure too salt is not lost beyond the basic requirement, chloride cells in the gills take up ions from the water which are transported into the blood.

MARINE OSMOREGULATION

In marine fishes, the challenge opposes that of fresh water fishes since salt content in this case is lower in their blood than in their environment. To address this challenge, marine fishes lose water constantly while retaining salts to lead to a build up. The water lost, is then made up for and replenished by continual drinking of seawater. The chloride cells in marine fishes works in a manner opposing that of fresh water fish, functioning to compliment the excretion of salts by the kidney.

TERRESTRIAL OSMOREGULATION

The major challenge of osmoregulation in  terrestrial organisms is water regulation in the body owing to their contact with the atmosphere.

Terrestrial organisms possess effective kidneys which enable osmoregulation. A series of processes including filtration, re-absorption and tubular secretion, enable regulation of fluids and water conservation.

Water passes out of the descending limb of the loop of Henle, leaving a more concentrated filtrate inside. Salt diffuses out from the lower, thin part of the ascending limb. In the upper, thick part of the ascending limb, salt is then actively transported into the interstitial fluid. The amount of salt in the interstitial fluid, determines how much water moves out of the descending limb i.e the saltier it gets, the more water moves out of the descending limb. This process leaves a concentrated filtrate inside, so more salt passes out. Water from the collecting ducts moves out by osmosis into this hypertonic interstitial fluid and is carried away by capillaries, achieving osmoregulation.

8 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
He pattern of the ocean rising and falling due to the gravitational pull of the moon
ElenaW [278]
The answer is: waves


8 0
3 years ago
Uranus’s first moons were discovered in 1787. Some of Uranus’s 27 moons were not discovered until 2003. Why do you think it took
Alexandra [31]

Answer: some moons are farther away and harder to spot

Explanation:

6 0
3 years ago
A cell that has two of every kind of chromosome is
deff fn [24]

Answer:

B. diploid

Explanation:

6 0
3 years ago
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