Answer:
A proton gradient is generated by the transport of protons into the thylakoid lumen.
Protons move from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma through ATP synthase, producing ATP.
Explanation:
During photosynthesis, the environment is made acidic inside the lumen i.e. H⁺ are pumped into thylakoid lumen from stroma as a result of which more H⁺ are present in the thylakoid lumen as compared to stroma. It happens during light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. The concentration of H⁺ is already higher in lumen and transfer of more and more H⁺ from stroma increases the concentration of H⁺ even more leading to generation of a potential gradient. These H⁺ subsequently tend to move freely from lumen to stroma via "reverse pumps known as ATP synthase". The reason why these are known as reverse pumps is because pumps usually move particles from lower to higher concentration which is an active movement i.e. not natural so such movement requires energy. Naturally particles move from higher to lower concentration gradient until the concentration becomes equal on both the sides but pumps act opposite of this natural process and move particles from lower to higher concentration and utilize energy to do it. But here H⁺ are moving from higher to lower concentration which occurs naturally so ATP synthase rather than using energy tend to generate energy and this free energy is used to generate ATP from ADP & Pi (inorganic phosphate).
<span>neither habitat destruction has nothing to do with geothermal energy.
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Answer:
C
Explanation:
The definition of microtuble is: "a microscopic tubular structure present in numbers in the cytoplasm of cells, sometimes aggregating to form more complex structures." (google) Therefor, it would not be a part of mitosis prophase II.
A species that is involved in a facultative mutualism with another: can utilize different resources outside of the mutualism.
Explanation:
- Mutualism is a type of ecological relationship in which two organisms are related to each other in such a way that both of them could benefit from the relationship.
- A type of mutualism in which the two organism cannot depend on any other resource outside their mutualistic relationship is called obligate mutualism.
- A type of mutualism, in which the participating organisms can opt for other resources outside their mutualistic relatonship i.e. they are not completely dependent on each other, is called facultative mutualism.
Cell membrane fluidity is determined by many things, including the presence of or absence of saturated and or unsaturated fatty acid tails, and because of that the ability of the phospholipids in a cell membrane to tightly pack together or not. I believe though in terms of an additional substance it would have to be cholesterol. These specific lipid molecules are inserted in between the phospholipids preventing phospholipids from tightly packing together thus allowing the cell membrane to have greater fluidity and flexibility.
