The chloroplasts would be unable to generate ATP
If the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) outside of the thylakoids were equal to the concentration of H+ inside the thylakoids, the chloroplasts would be unable to generate ATP
Explanation:
As the high-energy electron from the reactive center of the photosystem conveyed from one protein to another in the protein transport chain of the chloroplast, the energy harnessed from the electron is used to pump H+ ions into the thylakoid lumen against concentration gradient.
The proton motive force created by having a high concentration of H+ ion in the thylakoid lumen than outside is to enable the creation of potential energy that is tapped by ATP synthase to create ATPs in a process called photophosphorylation. The ATPs made in this light stage is used in the anabolic process of the dark stage to make glucose through the reduction of CO2
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For more on photophosphorylation check out;
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By dating the rocks in the ever-changing crust, as well as neighbors such as the moon and visiting meteorites, scientists have calculated that Earth is 4.54 billion years old, with an error range of 50 million years.
Answer:
Spermatogenesis is stimulated by FSH acting on sertoli cells.
Explanation:
Spermatogenesis is the process by which spermatozoa grow and develop from germ cells into mature form. There are many hormones that are involved in this process and one of them is FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone). Another factor that play a vital role in the process are sertoli cells.
The FSH stimulates sertoli cells to release androgen-binding protein into the lumen portion of seminiferous tubules. The sertoli cells are the epithelial supporting cells that are located inside the seminiferous tubules. The sertoli cells are responsible for keeping the germ cells nourished and for extracting excess cytoplasm from newly formed spermatozoa cells just before they are released into the lumen of the seminiferous tublules.
Parasites such as Bacteria, Viruses, or Fungi can all live in refrigerated conditions...Hope this help :)
