It shows the evolution of an being. "Fossil record, history of life as documented by fossils, the remains or imprints of the organisms from earlier geological periods preserved in sedimentary rock." from https://www.britannica.com/science/fossil-record
Independent variable: Temperature
Levels: Room temperature
Freezing point 0C
Boiling point 100C
Dependent variable: breaking point of rubber bands measured in certain amount of temperature
I believe the term for two similar chromosomes would be homologous chromosomes.