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The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis.
There are two main types of circulatory systems: 1. open circulatory systems and closed circulatory systems. Open circulatory systems are systems where internal organs and body tissues are surrounded by circulatory fluid. This fluid is called hemolymph, and it's pretty much like blood, except that it doesn't contain oxygen transporting cells.
2. The closed circulatory system of some mollusks and all vertebrates and higher invertebrates is a much more efficient system. Here blood is pumped through a closed system of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Capillaries surround the organs, making sure that all cells have an equal opportunity for nourishment and removal of their waste products. However, even closed circulatory systems differ as we move further up the evolutionary tree.
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For example, the allele frequency of the mutant cystic fibrosis allele among Caucasians is 0.025, while the frequency of the normal allele is 0.975.
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In agriculture, leaching is the loss of water-soluble plant nutrients from the soil, due to rain and irrigation. ... As water from rain, flooding, or other sources seeps into the ground, it can dissolve chemicals and carry them into the underground water supply.
