"all of the above"
Further explanation
Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of genes of an organism using biotechnology. This is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes that are located and crossing species boundaries to produce increased organisms. New DNA is obtained by isolating and copying genetic material from the parent using recombinant DNA methods or artificial DNA synthesis. A vector is usually created and used to insert this DNA into the host organism. The first recombinant DNA molecule was made by Paul Berg in 1972 by combining the DNA of the SV40 monkey virus with the lambda virus. Apart from entering genes, this process can be used to delete genes. New DNA can be inserted randomly, or targeted to certain parts of the genome.
An organism that is produced through genetic engineering is considered to be genetically modified and the resulting entity is called genetically modified organism (GMO). The first GMO organisms were bacteria produced by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1973. Rudolf Jaenisch created the first GMO animals when he inserted foreign DNA in mice in 1974. The first company to focus on genetic engineering, Genentech, was founded in 1976 and began in 1976 and began producing human protein. The first human insulin from genetic engineering was produced in 1978 and bacteria that produce insulin were commercialized in 1982. Genetically modified foods have been sold since 1994, with the emergence of tomatoes from Flavr Savr. Flavr Savr is engineered to have a longer shelf life, but GMO crops are currently being modified the most to increase resistance to insects and herbicides. GloFish, the first transgenic animal, was sold in the United States in December 2003. In 2016, salmon have been modified with growth hormone.
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applications of genomics brainly.com/question/9528492
Details
Class: college
Subject: biology
Keywords:applications of genomics, organism , DNA
