Answer:
b. Will always be higher than the dividend paid per share
Explanation:
A firm pays dividend to it's stockholders based upon it's earnings.
Earnings per share (EPS) is expressed as:
= 
Dividend payout ratio on the other hand is expressed as:
= EPS (1 - b)
wherein, b = retention ratio which denotes the percentage of earnings retained by a firm i.e not distributed as dividends.
Thus, a firm's earnings per share would always be higher than the dividend paid by it per share.
Introduction
“Project risk analysis,” as described by The Project Management Institute (PMI®), “includes the processes concerned with conducting risk management, planning, identification analysis, response, and monitoring and control on a project;./…” (PMI, 2004, p 237) These processes include risk identification and quantification, risk response development and risk response control.
Because these processes interact with each other as well as with processes in other parts of an organization, companies are beginning to measure risk across all of their projects as part of an enterprise portfolio.
Risk management can be as simple as identifying a list of technological, operational and business risks, or as comprehensive as in-depth schedule risk analysis using Monte Carlo simulation. But because risk is a driver in an organization's growth – the greater the risk, the greater the reward – the adoption of a structured enterprisewide project risk analysis program will give managers confidence in their decision-making to foster organizational growth and increase ROI for their stakeholders.
Choosing the right projects
How well an organization examines the risks associated with its initiatives, how well it understands the way that projects planned or underway are impacted by risk, and how well it develops mitigation strategies to protect the organization, can mean the difference between a crisis and an opportunity.
Examples abound of companies that have seen their fortunes rise or drop based on the effectiveness of their risk management – a pharmaceutical company makes headlines when its promising new drug brings unforeseen side effects. Or a large telecom corporation pours millions of dollars into perfecting long distance, while new technologies are presenting more exciting opportunities.
Today that pharmaceutical is distracted by lawsuits and financial payouts, finding itself with a shrinking pipeline of new drugs. The telecom, on the other hand, after using a portfolio risk management software application to rationalize and rank its initiatives, made the decision to shift its research dollars away from perfecting long distance and into developing VOIP -- rejuvenating and reinforcing its leadership position.
Answer:
Option B, IRR is 14.42%
Explanation:
The IRR is the rate of return that equates the cost of the project to the present value of cash flows receivable from the project in future.
Using an excel approach, the formula formula IRR is given as:
=irr(values)
The values in this case are
-$1300 in year 0
$450 in year 1
$450 in year two
$450 in year 3
$450 in year 4
The irr gives 14.42% as shown in the spreadsheet attached
The cost of the investment of the investment project of $1300 equals the present values of its cash flows at 14.42% rate of return
A) there are no close substitutes
Explanation:
A monopoly results when there is a single provider of a particular good or service. Since they’re the only company providing that good or service, the consumer must conduct their business with that specific provider. For example, imagine that Walmart is the only store you can buy food from. Walmart would dominate the entire supply market as it would be the only store from which you can buy your food.
