Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating and an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by immune-mediated myelin and axonal damage, and chronic axonal loss attributable to the absence of myelin sheaths. T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, CD8+, NKT, CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells) and B cells are involved in this disorder, thus new MS therapies seek damage prevention by resetting multiple components of the immune system. The currently approved therapies are immunoregulatory and reduce the number and rate of lesion formation but are only partially effective. This review summarizes current understanding of the processes at issue: myelination, demyelination and remyelination—with emphasis upon myelin composition/architecture and oligodendrocyte maturation and differentiation. The translational options target oligodendrocyte protection and myelin repair in animal models and assess their relevance in human. Remyelination may be enhanced by signals that promote myelin formation and repair. The crucial question of why remyelination fails is approached is several ways by examining the role in remyelination of available MS medications and avenues being actively pursued to promote remyelination including: (i) cytokine-based immune-intervention (targeting calpain inhibition), (ii) antigen-based immunomodulation (targeting glycolipid-reactive iNKT cells and sphingoid mediated inflammation) and (iii) recombinant monoclonal antibodies-induced remyelination.Keywords: calpain, central nervous system, demyelination, fingolimod, glycolipids, lipids, multiple sclerosis, myelin, myelination, NKT cells, oligodendrocytes, remyelination, T cells

Explanation:

5 0

1 year ago

What is the ability to do a talsk intergratimg movememt of the body and diffrent parts of the body

alexgriva [62]

flexibility is the answer

7 0

2 years ago

For what type of plan or management is delegation an effective tool?

monitta

A. I think its an operational plan.

6 0

2 years ago

Which of the following statements is true about the Department of Health and Human Services?

Igoryamba

Answer:

Both a and d.

Explanation:

The Department of Health & Human Services is led by the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services, a member of the United States Cabinet appointed by the President of the United States, with the consent of the United States Senate.

The Secretary is assisted in managing the Department by the Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services, who is also appointed by the President.

Department of Health & Human Services' administers 115 programs across its 11 operating divisions.

HHS aims to "protect the health of all Americans and provide essential human services, especially for those who are least able to help themselves".

These federal programs consist on civil rights and healthcare privacy programs, social service programs, health related research, and disaster preparedness programs.

It offers a variety of social service programs geared toward persons with low income, disabilities, military families, and senior citizens.

The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) has the vital mission of uncovering new knowledge that will lead to better health for all of the citizens. To carry out this ambitious task, the NIH became the largest agency for biomedical research in the world. It has a multibillion-dollar budget, and consists of twenty-seven separate institutes and centers.

The activities of the NIH are overseen by the Public Health Service, which is directed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Nevertheless, the mission, goal, and activities of NIH stands out as a unique federation of biomedical research institutes.

8 0

2 years ago