This can happen because you have recessive and dominant characteristics passed down. So you can get a totally different chromosome that doesn't come from your parents because your grandparents may have had it or great grand parents, the line keeps going .
Answer:
This is through the process of methylation and phosphorylation of histones tails.
Explanation:
The addition of a methyl group to the amino acid of the histones of the nucleosomes that compacted DNA in the nucleus is called mehtylation, while the addtion of phodpahte is phosphorylation
Its effects on gene expression depends on the number of <u> methyl groups, and type of amino acid that methylated. During transcription. </u>
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The DNA double strands are compacted and therefore hidden from transcription factors and enzymes of transcription by the hitones tails of the neuclosomes, Methylation weaken the binding bonds between the tails and DNA structure ; thereby aiding the uncoiling of DNA from the tails.(nucleosomes).This chemical reaction aided DNA strands exposure to transcription factors and enzymes, for initiation of transcription. This explains the dyanmic activity of methylation
Futhermore phophorylation also favours unwrapping of DNA, by imitating modifying enzymes e.g H3Y41E and H3T45E and convert it to→→ H3Y41phopspahte to aid DNA unwrapping and accessibility to transcription factors and RNA polymerase Enzymes,
Oogenesis and spermatogenesis both involve the chromosomal-reduction divisions of meiosis,which takes the gametes from the full complement of chromosomes to the Haploid number of chromosomes. Meiosis is the type of cell division that take place in the gamete cells, where diploid cells of the germ lines undergo cell division to yield haploid cells, normally the gametes are made through this process, that is, the ovum through Oogenesis, and the sperm through spermatogenesis. During fertilization the two combines to produce a diploid cell once again that undergoes continuous mitosis to form a zygote.
Multifidus
What is multifidus?
The transversospinal group of deep back muscles includes the semispinalis, rotatores, multifidus, and other short, triangular muscles. They are shorter than semispinalis but longer than rotatores, and they are the thickest muscles in the transversospinal group. On either side of the vertebral column, from the cervical to the lumbar spine, there is a multifidus. Cervical multifidus, thoracic multifidus, and lumbar multifidus are the three regional subgroups of the group.
The spinal column is extended by the multifidus muscles. They contribute to the lateral flexion of the spine as well as some rotation of the vertebral bodies away from the side of contraction.
Multifidus: a muscle in the fifth and deepest layer of the back that helps to erect and rotate the spine by filling in the groove on either side of the spinous processes of the vertebrae from the sacrum to the skull.
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Viruses are similar because they move around freely.
