The term “sense of ownership” is frequently cited as a significant characteristic of community development. While there is increasing use of the terms ownership or sense of ownership, there is a paucity of research regarding what these terms mean, how this body of knowledge influences community development, and the various approaches that can be applied in contemporary community research and practice. A sense of ownership in community development is described as a concept through which to assess whose voice is heard, who has influence over decisions, and who is affected by the process and outcome. Applying the concept of ownership can determine how the strategic interests and actions of individuals or organizations contribute to community development efforts. In addition, the potential for ownership can be understood in part by examining the capacity for and quality of trust. Implications are discussed regarding how the concept of ownership advances the current field, specifically regarding community development research and practice.
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Your question is missing the options. I've found the complete question online. It is as follows:
As a hungry dog runs ever closer toward a bowl of food, the less likely it is to stop running until it reaches the food. This best illustrates that the dog's running behavior is most strongly affected by ________ reinforcers.
a) secondary
b) immediate
c) partial
d) negative
Answer:
This best illustrates that the dog's running behavior is most strongly affected by <u>b) immediate</u> reinforcers.
Explanation:
We can reach the conclusion above by elimination. A secondary reinforcement is one associated with a primary one. Suppose you're teaching the dog to sit. When the dog sits, you give it a treat (primary reinforcer) and then say, "Good job!" (secondary reinforcer). That is not the case here.
A partial reinforcer is one given every now and then, that is, not every time the desired behavior happens. That is also not the case.
A negative reinforcer is the removal of something that was already present. Imagine you have made your son do the dishes after he misbehaved. When he behaves properly, you tell him he doesn't have to do the dishes anymore. You didn't give him a reward; you simply removed the punishment. That is negative reinforcement.
<u>Therefore, we are left with immediate reinforcers. The dog has already learned that the bowl contains food, that food will be given to him immediately if he reaches the bowl. That is why he doesn't stop nor doesn't get distracted. He is hungry and wants to end his hunger immediately.</u>
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