Activators and repressors are transcription-control elements that are found in eukaryotic organisms. These elements function during the process of transcription, where a DNA molecule is coded onto a RNA molecule for it to be sent to ribosomes outside of the nucleus and then polypeptide chains are produced from it.
The activators and repressors control which proteins are made, which means that they can either hinder or promote certain functions in the cells of the body. Therefore, even though all of the cells have the same set of DNA, some are able to produce HCl, while others produce other substances such as insulin.
Answer:
Yet even an intact human brain can be biologically alive but incapable of consciousness, or “brain-dead.” Similarly, neither cellular nor viral individual genes or proteins are by themselves alive.
Explanation:
neither cellular nor viral individual genes or proteins are by themselves alive.
All cells in the ciliated columnar epithelium reach the basement membrane, but only cells that reach the free surface have cilia.
<h3>What is an
epithelium?</h3>
An epithelium is a specialized layer of cells that play different roles in the organism (e.g., transport of substances, digestion, etc).
Epithelia are one of the four types of tissues that form the body, which also include connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
The ciliated columnar epithelium is a special class of epithelium that contain cilia that are used to move substances across their cellular surfaces.
In conclusion, all cells in the ciliated columnar epithelium reach the basement membrane, but only cells that reach the free surface have cilia.
Learn more about the ciliated columnar epithelium here:
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The invention of microscopes changed the way cells were able to reproduce.
Answer:
(I) 200,000 cal/mole (2ATP) (II) 380,000 cal/mole (38ATP)
Explanation:
Fermentation (anaerobic respiration) involves the breakdown of glucose in microorganisms such as yeast in the absence of oxygen to yield just 2ATP of energy while aerobic respiration involves the breakdown of glucose in high-energy demanding cells (such as liver cells and brain cells) in the presence of oxygen to yield 38ATP of energy.
The rate of metabolic activities in microorganisms is very low as compared to that in complex organisms such as mammals,hence the generation of a low amount of energy.