Arthritis
Arthritis is a joint disorder in
which there is inflammation of one or more joints. Arthritis is frequently accompanied by joint
pain. There are many types of arthritis and over 100 have been identified. The causes
of arthritis include injury, metabolic abnormalities, hereditary factors,
effect of infections, and a misdirected immune system. Arthritis is mostly
common among women and occurs as people get older. Severe arthritis can result
in chronic pain, inability to do daily activities and can cause difficulty in walking.
Carbon dioxide can be transported through the blood via three methods. It is dissolved directly in the blood, bound to plasma proteins or hemoglobin, or converted into bicarbonate.
The majority of carbon dioxide is transported as part of the bicarbonate system. Carbon dioxide diffuses into red blood cells. Inside, carbonic anhydrase converts carbon dioxide into carbonic acid (H2CO3), which is subsequently hydrolyzed into bicarbonate (HCO3−) and H+. The H+ ion binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, and bicarbonate is transported out of the red blood cells in exchange for a chloride ion. This is called the chloride shift.
Bicarbonate leaves the red blood cells and enters the blood plasma. In the lungs, bicarbonate is transported back into the red blood cells in exchange for chloride. The H+ dissociates from hemoglobin and combines with bicarbonate to form carbonic acid with the help of carbonic anhydrase, which further catalyzes the reaction to convert carbonic acid back into carbon dioxide and water. The carbon dioxide is then expelled from the lungs.
Each proton and neutron has an atomic mass unit of 1 3 4 2
