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The primary function of the plasma membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, the plasma membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and regulates the movement of substances in and out of cells.
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Neurons communicate with each other by sending chemical and electrical signals. Each neuron is connected with other neurons across tiny junctions called “synapses.” Impulses rush along tiny fibers, like electrical wires, from one neuron to the next. Electrical impulses travel through neurons.
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Carbohydrates are used by the body for energy and structural support in cell walls of plants and exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans. They are made of smaller subunits called monosaccharides. Monosaccharides have <u>carbon</u>, <u>hydrogen</u>, and <u>oxygen</u> in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Difinition of disaccharides: any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues.
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Short carbohydrate chains are called <u>oligosaccharides</u> and contain 3 to 10 sugar molecules. Long carbohydrate chains can contain hundreds or even thousands of monosaccharide units. molecule of <u>glucose</u> and one molecule of <u>fructose</u> joined together.
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A geneticist has devised a strategy to study protein translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in yeast cells. She is interested in two different signal sequences that are thought to operate via slightly different translocation mechanisms. Using genetic engineering, she has fused the first signal sequence to a protein whose cytosolic expression is absolutely necessary for cell survival in the selective medium, but is inactive when in the ER. In the same cell, she has also fused the second signal sequence to a toxic protein whose cytosolic expression leads to cell lysis but is harmless when in the ER. Whereas wild-type cells undergo lysis upon the expression of these fusion proteins, she has been able to identify viable mutants, each of which has a loss-of-function mutation in a gene encoding a protein involved in membrane translocation. The products of these genes are probably ...
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Involved in the transport of proteins with the first signal sequence but not the second one.
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the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.