The "scissors" of the molecular biology are: DNA Restriction enzymes.
A restriction enzyme is a protein capable of cleaving a DNA fragment at a characteristic nucleotide sequence called a restriction site. Each restriction enzyme thus recognizes a specific site. Several hundred restriction enzymes are currently known.
Naturally present in a large number of species of bacteria, these enzymes have become important tools in genetic engineering.
The "glue" of the molecular biology are: DNA ligase
In molecular biology, DNA ligases are ligase-class enzymes that catalyze the formation of a phosphodiester bond between two segments of DNA. DNA ligases are involved in several essential cellular processes of DNA metabolism: in DNA replication, suture of Okazaki fragments, and in DNA repair and homologous recombination.
The use of these tools in molecular biology: Cloning
Molecular cloning is one of the bases of genetic engineering. It consists of inserting a DNA fragment (called insert) in an appropriate vector such as a plasmid for example. The new plasmid thus created will then be introduced into a host cell, generally the Escherichia coli bacterium. This will then be selected and multiplied to obtain a large amount of the plasmid of interest. Cloning a gene involves inserting it into a plasmid. A clone will be the bacterial transformant that contains this particular plasmid. In this case we speak of clone because all the individuals of the bacterial colony are genetically identical. Molecular cloning is thus different from reproductive cloning (creating an individual genetically identical to another but of a different age) or therapeutic cloning (making tissues from stem cells to perform transplants compatible with the recipient).
Molecular cloning requires restriction enzymes capable of cleaving the DNA, and DNA ligase capable of re-gluing the DNA fragments. Ligase was isolated for the first time from T4 bacteriophage. This enzyme is involved in the repair and replication of DNA. It can bind DNA fragments with compatible sticky ends. At higher concentration, this enzyme is also able to bind two ends of DNA as shown here. T4 DNA ligase works using ATP and Mg ++. It has an activity optimum of 16 ° C, but remains active at room temperature.
The livers have a good day! :))
It is a lipid. Lipids are some of the most complex basic materials in biology. You can remember them as they have 23 hydrogens, and one H0.
The Drilling sample of the Seafloor spreading theory helped in determining rock ages on the floor of ocean.
Explanation:
The formation of crusts of ocean by the process of volcanic eruptions in the ridges of the middle ocean is the theory of seafloor spreading proposed by Hammond Hess. The movement of tectonic plates continuously forms sea floors through spreading of seafloor. The several evidences in support of this theory has been seen, of which some are – molten material eruptions, magnetic stripes in rocks and rock ages.
The drilling evidence is the final one that was proved by taking samples of rock by drilling in ocean and by bringing them with pipes. The observation of these rocks proved that older rocks were collected from farther ridges and youngers are found in the central ridges.
Answer:to signal the cell to move to the next phase of the cell cycle
Explanation:
(Just took it)
