<span>Rhabdomyolysis constitutes a common cause of acute renal failure and presents paramount interest. A large variety of causes with different pathogenetic mechanisms can involve skeletal muscles resulting in rhabdomyolysis with or without acute renal failure. Crush syndrome, one of the most common causes of rhabdomyolysis presents increased clinical interest, particularly in areas often involved by earthquakes, such as Greece and Turkey. Drug abusers are another sensitive group of young patients prone to rhabdomyolysis, which attracts the clinical interest of a variety of medical specialties.
We herein review the evidence extracted from updated literature concerning the data related to pathogenetic mechanisms and pathophysiology as well as the management of this interesting syndrome.
Keywords: Rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure, myoglobin, crush syndrome
The first case of the crush syndrome, which constitutes one of the main causes of rhabdomyolysis, was reported in Sicily in 1908, after an earthquake1,2. In 1930, in the Baltic area, an epidemic of myoglobinuria was observed due to consumption of contaminated fish. Interest in rhabdomyolysis and crash syndrome was stimulated during the World War II particularly after the bombing in London, where the victims developed acute renal failure and myoglobinuria1.
Rhabdomyolysis is a rupture (lysis) of skeletal muscles due to drugs, toxins, inherited disorders, infections, trauma and compression3. Lysis of muscle cells releases toxic intracellular components in the systemic circulation which leads to electrolyte disturbances, hypovolemia, metabolic acidocis, coagulation defects and acute renal failure due to myoglobin4.
The skeletal muscle consists of cylindrical myofibrils, which contain variant structural and contraction proteins. Actin and myosin, arranged in thin and thick filaments respectively, form the repeated functional units of contraction, the sarcomeres5. The sarcoplasmic reticulum constitutes an important cellular calcium storage. It is structurally connected to the t-tubules, that are formed by invaginations of the muscle cell plasma membrane, the sarcelemma, around every fibril (Figure 1). After the sarcelemma depolarization, the stimulation arrives, through the t-tubules junctions, at the sarcoplasmic reticulum, inducing the calcium ions release and triggering muscle contraction6.</span>
Answer: White blood cells form to fight off cell infections.
Explanation:
1. Your body produces white blood cells which fight against infected cells, depends on what type of cell it is and how infected it is.
2. The immune response to a viral infection is primarily generated by a type of white blood cell called lymphocytes; cells that are mostly localized in ‘lymphoid tissues’ such as the lymph nodes or tonsils. However, the number of lymphocytes that can recognize and react against any individual type of virus is initially very small. This is particularly true for a novel virus such as SARS-CoV-2, which people have never encountered before. In order to produce an effective immune response, the small number of lymphocytes that can recognize a virus must become more abundant. Even though lymphocytes proliferate quickly it still takes several days before there are sufficient cells available to fight back against the infection. During this period the virus may also be spreading rapidly, so there is a race between the virus and the immune system that may determine the final outcome, in terms of recovery.
The actual ecosystem services include the following:
- pollination of crops by bees
- land stabilization by plants
- production of carbon dioxide
That is option 2, 3, 5, 6.
<h3>What is ecosystem services?</h3>
Ecosystem is defined as the system that consists of both living and non living things that work together to form a stable environment.
Ecosystem services are defined as those direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems to human wellbeing, which have an impact on their survival and quality of life.
The ecosystem services are made up of the following:
- Regulating: These regulating services include pollination of crops by bees, land stabilization by plants, production of carbon dioxide and flood control.
Learn more about ecosystem here:
brainly.com/question/7413811
#SPJ1
Answer:
the structure of the lipid bilayer allows small,uncharged substances such as oxgen.and the carbondioxiode,and hydrophobic moleclues such as lipid to pass through the cell membrane
Answer:
<u>A. Building dams, deforestation cutting down trees), adding point sources to nearby streams to allow for run-off, building roads and structures, and salting roads.</u>
Explanation:
Removing non-native species from the environment helps the native ants to thrive without having any changes in the ecosystem effect them (i.e. new invasive animal).
Creating laws to prohibit fishing from local streams helps keep the fish alive and allowing them to continue to use this stream.
Planting trees and other plants to attract native species helps secure and grow the ecosystem of that area.
<em>This leaves </em><em>A</em><em> </em><u><em>as the answer.</em></u>
<u><em /></u>
Hope that helps you!
