<span>Rhabdomyolysis constitutes a common cause of acute renal failure and presents paramount interest. A large variety of causes with different pathogenetic mechanisms can involve skeletal muscles resulting in rhabdomyolysis with or without acute renal failure. Crush syndrome, one of the most common causes of rhabdomyolysis presents increased clinical interest, particularly in areas often involved by earthquakes, such as Greece and Turkey. Drug abusers are another sensitive group of young patients prone to rhabdomyolysis, which attracts the clinical interest of a variety of medical specialties.
We herein review the evidence extracted from updated literature concerning the data related to pathogenetic mechanisms and pathophysiology as well as the management of this interesting syndrome.
Keywords: Rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure, myoglobin, crush syndrome
The first case of the crush syndrome, which constitutes one of the main causes of rhabdomyolysis, was reported in Sicily in 1908, after an earthquake1,2. In 1930, in the Baltic area, an epidemic of myoglobinuria was observed due to consumption of contaminated fish. Interest in rhabdomyolysis and crash syndrome was stimulated during the World War II particularly after the bombing in London, where the victims developed acute renal failure and myoglobinuria1.
Rhabdomyolysis is a rupture (lysis) of skeletal muscles due to drugs, toxins, inherited disorders, infections, trauma and compression3. Lysis of muscle cells releases toxic intracellular components in the systemic circulation which leads to electrolyte disturbances, hypovolemia, metabolic acidocis, coagulation defects and acute renal failure due to myoglobin4.
The skeletal muscle consists of cylindrical myofibrils, which contain variant structural and contraction proteins. Actin and myosin, arranged in thin and thick filaments respectively, form the repeated functional units of contraction, the sarcomeres5. The sarcoplasmic reticulum constitutes an important cellular calcium storage. It is structurally connected to the t-tubules, that are formed by invaginations of the muscle cell plasma membrane, the sarcelemma, around every fibril (Figure 1). After the sarcelemma depolarization, the stimulation arrives, through the t-tubules junctions, at the sarcoplasmic reticulum, inducing the calcium ions release and triggering muscle contraction6.</span>
<span>The four organelles that should be present in the eukaryotic organism are: 1) Nucleus which contains the DNA and directs all of the activities of the cell 2) The Mitochondria which turns food in to energy 3) Ribosomes which make protein and 4) The Golgi Apparatus which processes the proteins.</span>
Facilitated diffusion is the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions through a biological membrane through specific transmembrane integral proteins.
Glucose is a large molecule, so it would be very difficult for it to go through the phospholipid bilayer, as so, facilitated diffusion is the transport mechanism that functions in the absorption of glucose in the intestinal cells.
Physiological deals with body and behavioral deals with the internal mind.
Explanation:
Behavioral or behavioral psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on the study and alteration of people's behaviors, including their actions, emotions, and thoughts.
Physiological refers to to the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts. That means it deals with all body part's information and their function.
