<span>Rhabdomyolysis constitutes a common cause of acute renal failure and presents paramount interest. A large variety of causes with different pathogenetic mechanisms can involve skeletal muscles resulting in rhabdomyolysis with or without acute renal failure. Crush syndrome, one of the most common causes of rhabdomyolysis presents increased clinical interest, particularly in areas often involved by earthquakes, such as Greece and Turkey. Drug abusers are another sensitive group of young patients prone to rhabdomyolysis, which attracts the clinical interest of a variety of medical specialties.
We herein review the evidence extracted from updated literature concerning the data related to pathogenetic mechanisms and pathophysiology as well as the management of this interesting syndrome.
Keywords: Rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure, myoglobin, crush syndrome
The first case of the crush syndrome, which constitutes one of the main causes of rhabdomyolysis, was reported in Sicily in 1908, after an earthquake1,2. In 1930, in the Baltic area, an epidemic of myoglobinuria was observed due to consumption of contaminated fish. Interest in rhabdomyolysis and crash syndrome was stimulated during the World War II particularly after the bombing in London, where the victims developed acute renal failure and myoglobinuria1.
Rhabdomyolysis is a rupture (lysis) of skeletal muscles due to drugs, toxins, inherited disorders, infections, trauma and compression3. Lysis of muscle cells releases toxic intracellular components in the systemic circulation which leads to electrolyte disturbances, hypovolemia, metabolic acidocis, coagulation defects and acute renal failure due to myoglobin4.
The skeletal muscle consists of cylindrical myofibrils, which contain variant structural and contraction proteins. Actin and myosin, arranged in thin and thick filaments respectively, form the repeated functional units of contraction, the sarcomeres5. The sarcoplasmic reticulum constitutes an important cellular calcium storage. It is structurally connected to the t-tubules, that are formed by invaginations of the muscle cell plasma membrane, the sarcelemma, around every fibril (Figure 1). After the sarcelemma depolarization, the stimulation arrives, through the t-tubules junctions, at the sarcoplasmic reticulum, inducing the calcium ions release and triggering muscle contraction6.</span>
The bonds between the phosphates in ATP are very high energy, meaning that the bonds really really want to break because phosphates don't like being so close to each other. When the bonds do break, a ton of energy is released (think of it like a celebration that they aren't so close anymore).
The lymph system acts like blood vessels only that instead of blood, they carry lymph. Just like certain organs as associated with the circulatory system like heart, the lymph system has such organs like the spleen and thymus.
Explanation:
When blood passes through capillaries, the blood pressure causes the blood plasma to filter through the capillary walls. This fluid then gets into the extracellular spaces of the cells and tissues and nourishes the cells. This fluid in which the cells ‘bath’ in is called interstitial fluid. Excess interstitial fluid flows back through the lymphatic systems and back to the blood through the subclavian veins of the thoracic duct.
The lymph system has several functions. It is responsible for the removal of foreign material like bacteria because the lymph nodes have 'meshwork' that ‘sieves’ the lymph fluid and immune cells destroy bacteria and viruses.
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To learn more about lymph and lymphatic system check out;
The right answer is the dark reaction would stop happening. The Calvin cycle (or dark reactions, independent of the sunlight) makes it possible to manufacture glucose, an energy molecule, from carbon dioxide. This is called carbon fixation.There are three reactions of this cycle take place in the stroma of chloroplasts: the first of which is the fixation of carbon dioxide. which is a limiting step in this cycle.If a substance other than the components of the dark reactions absorbs and uses carbon dioxide, the carbon cycle will not be able to occur for lack of one of these ingredients which is the CO2.
