Classifying Fingerprints. Once the fingerprints are taken and labeled, forensic scientists use a classification system to identify them. The three basic fingerprint patterns are Whorl, Arch, and Loop. There are more complex classification systems that further break down the pattern to plain arches or tented arches. Hope this helps
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When directed mutagenesis which is also called reverse genetics is used, only a single mutation per genome is introduced. In contrast, the number of mutations per genome introduced by random mutagenesis is usually difficult to control. It is likely that the strain you obtained with a mutation in gene X after random mutagenesis contained an additional mutation or perhaps multiple mutations which ultimately was/were responsible for loss of virulence in your favorite pathogen.
Your answer would be $4 times $y.
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Answer: d- because a model is never exactly the same as the thing it represents