Answer:
we need more details how are we supposed to answer this
Explanation:
When a microbe that is not part of the normal biota enters the body, it is likely to first encounter first line of host defense.
The term "normal microbiota" describes the microorganisms that are present in every human's conjunctiva, oral mucosa, skin's surface and deeper layers, saliva, and gastrointestinal tracts. The host employs a number of defences to defend against infection.
Mucus, which has a variety of normal microbiota that compete with and may even destroy invasive bacteria and virae, is one of the body's first lines of defence.Once a virus or bacteria penetrates the skin and mucosa, the host may experience changes that lessen the invader's power. A fever is one instance of such a shift.
Therefore, When a microbe that is not part of the normal biota enters the body, it is likely to first encounter first line of host defense.
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Answer:
Forms of fossil records can inlude the carcasses of animals and the structure of plants. These records can compare the advancements of creatures over a long period of time.
Explanation:
The further an animal or plant is burried underneath the soil, it is most likely that it lived much longer ago than a layer above it. The theory of evolution suggests that animals are always changing and adapting to their surroundings. For instance, millions of years ago, a dog like mamal existed but over time they grew accustomed to the water, developing fins flippers and eventually developed features similar to what we expect in whales today.
Plants, on the other hand, may have been much larger than the size they are today due to the excess of oxygen present in the atmosphere. Therefore, when they are fossilized scientists can realize that plants have come a long way in the tree of evolution.
Answer:
Insulin is a protein hormone which binds to the membrane receptor where as steroid hormones bind to the intracellular receptors.
Explanation:
Hormones can be divided into two groups based on their binding with receptor. Some hormones are water soluble like protein or peptide hormone (example is insulin) and catecholamines. These water soluble hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane of the target cell and thus bind to the membrane receptor. Binding to the membrane receptor leads to activation of intracellular enzymes which bring the physiological change. Steroid hormones in the other case can cross the plasma membrane and then bind to the intracellular receptors. The hormone receptor complex then either binds or activates specific portion of DNA to bring the physiological change.
Insulin is made by beta cells islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. It controls the levels of glucose. It is a small protein made of two polypeptides, one of 21 amino acids and the other of 30 amino acids. These two are called A chain and B chain and are linked together by disulphide bonds. The pro-hormone contains an extra stretch called C-peptide. During the maturation process the proinsulin looses the c-peptide to become mature insulin protein hormone. An american company called Eli Lilly, for the first time made recombinant human insulin.
