The right answer to this question is option C. after a glacier recedes, a volcano erupts, or a strip mine is abandoned
Explanation:
The reason for that is that a primary succession will occur when there are no human activity present, and on that way, nature can act and transform the place in a productive thing. For example, after a volcano erupts, there are no things alive on the surface anymore besides birds that will run away, and after some time, nature will absorve this energy and then a brand new ecosystem will be started at this point, and this can be called primary succession.
