Answer:
The effect of amanitin on the maximum elongation rate for the wild-type and modified RNA polymerases is that it binds to the RNA polymerases, and reduces the process of translocation which is essential for RNA synthesis that is required for RNA polymerases elongation.
Explanation:
Amanitin is a peptide that is cyclic in nature. It is repelled by water thereby making it an hydrophobic peptide.
Amanitin is a toxic peptide that is found in Amanita ( a type of mushroom).
Alpha Amanitin in particular is the one that affects the elongation rate of RNA Polymerases in the body.
When Alpha Amanitin gets into the body system, it travels straight to the liver and due to its very strong affinity for RNA polymerases, it immediately attaches itself to them.
After the attachment, Alpha Amanitin, is disturbs the bridge helix found in RNA polymerase, preventing the hindering and slowing down the proces of translocation from happening.
Once translocation is hindered, RNA is no longer synthesized. Hence, the elongation of RNA polymerases is hindered and this results in severe illness in the body such as liver failure, cytolysis of the liver
The primary driving force that stabilizes lipid bilayers is the formation of hydrophobic bonds between fatty acid chains in phospholipids and protein.
The cell membrane is made up of phospolipid bilayer with proteins embedded in between
Lipid bilayer is the structure present in the biological membrane. It consist of two layers of lipids with hydrophilic end facing each other and hydrophobic end facing the outer side.
the inner layer has both the hydrophobic end of the lipid molecules facing each other and bonded by hydrophobic bond van der waals forces.
The outer molecules are bonded with the protein molecules through hydrophilic bonds called hydrogen bonds.
To learn more about lipid bilayers here
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The probability that a homozygous recessive individual would be producing a dominant allele would be 0%. If expressed as a percentage, this is because the individual does not even have the possible allele in its genotype for whatever trait or feature that the protein codes for.
