I think it is C. cross-site scripting
Authentication can be done by the issuer of the security.
What do you mean by authentication?
Authentication is the act of proving an assertion, such as a computer system user's identification. Authentication is the process of verifying a person's or thing's identity, as opposed to identification, which is the act of indicating that identity. It could entail validating personal identification documents, verifying the authenticity of a website with a digital certificate, carbon dating an artefact, or guaranteeing that a product or document is not counterfeit.
Only a party with access to particular company documents may authenticate a mutilated certificate. It is most likely the issuer, but it could also be the transfer agent or registrar.
To learn more about authentication
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Physical weather. It isn't changing the the chemical or biological make up.
