Answer and Explanation:
- The normal function of the CFTR protein is to transport Cl- ions as it works as a chlorine channel regulated by AMPc and by protein kinase K (PKA). CFTR is also a regulator for other ionic channels. The CFTR protein expresses in the luminal portion of the secretory and absorptive epithelial membranes and they have an important role in the secretion of electrolytes activated by AMPc and intracellular calcium. This protein constitutes the way out of Cl-from the lumen. Apart from its secretory function, CFTR protein also regulates the function of the electrolyte by inhibiting the epithelial Na+ channel activity in absorptive epithelial cells from the colon and aerial vias, and by activating the Na+ channel in sudoriparous conducts.
- Given that defects on the CFTR protein take to a defective regulation in the Na+ channel, the cystic fibrosis characterizes for alterations in electrolytes secretions and absorption. There are two important physiopathological mechanisms:
1) altered Cl- secretion in submucous glands,
2) increased Na+ absorption and consequent electrolytes hyperabsorption in the superficial epithelium.
Patients with cystic fibrosis are incapable of increasing their secretory transport. On the contrary, the increased epithelial Na+ conductance in apical membranes, the paracellular permeability to Cl- and elevated permeability to water, all together, do not allow a higher osmotic transepithelial gradient, which leads to a hyperabsorption in the patient epitheliums. The superficial liquid layer in the aerial vias decrease, mucous glands are not released from the mucus and the mucociliary clearance is strongly altered in aerial vias.
- The Lumacaftor (VX-809) is a drug directed to type II mutations. These mutations are present in an elevated number of patients with CF and include Phe508del that is the most frequent mutation. Ivacaftor (VX-770), is a drug directed to type III mutations in homozygote patients for Phe508del.
Given that lumacaftor helps the movement of Phe508del CFTR to the cell surface and the ivacaftor increases the opening time and the Cl- conductance through the epithelial cell, the treatment can be possible with a combination of the two drugs.
Another alternative compound is VX-661 that <u>is being studied</u>. Its efficiency is being evaluated by itself and together with ivacaftor.
Myelin is a lipid-made substance that surrounds the axons of some neurons. This myelin sheath acts as an electrical insulator and speeds up the propagation of the action potentials inside the neurons' axons.
Physical Structures - They have small gils to breathe under water.
Coloring - Dark and Light Brown Spots with Tan body
Habitat - cold streams, lakes, pond, under rocks, and logs.
Scientific Name - <span>Dicamptodon aterrimus</span>
Answer:
- force people to flee their homes
- cause massive earthquakes
- pollute the air with volcanic smoke
- make airplanes fly around ash clouds
Explanation:
The volcanoes can be seen as both creative and disruptive force. The disruptive side of the volcanoes includes numerous things. Because of the big pressure that the volcanoes make on the crust, it is very common that they create earthquakes, some being very strong. They release enormous amounts of gases, ash, and pyroclastic material, resulting in pollution of the air. The gases and ash can stay in the atmosphere for longer period of time, as well as travel over long distance, making the airplanes change their routes and go around them, or stop their flights until the air clears out. The volcanic eruptions themselves are very dangerous for the people, be it calm with lava flows, or with explosive eruptions, the people a forced to flee their homes and leave everything behind in order to save their lives.
