While scientists study how nature works, engineers create new things, such as products, websites, environments, and experiences. Because engineers and scientists have different objectives, they follow different processes in their work. Scientists perform experiments using the scientific method<span>; whereas, engineers follow the creativity-based </span>engineering design process<span>.(I hope this helps)
</span>
Its necessary for <span>electrostatic attraction hope this helps</span>
Answer:
Clumped
Explanation:
Beaver with the Botanical name Castor canadensis is a species that affects
the structure of an habitat and its dynamics this is done by the diverting of streams, and the felling of trees and other woody vegetation.
They usually live in colonies i.e clumped together in a particular area not individually and a colony can support 2–14 beavers that are related and on the average Six Beavers.
They are about 35–40 inches long and
Weighs 30–60 pounds. The average lifespan of a beaver is 5 years and are active both in the morning and at night.
Answer:
Commensalism is a long-term biological interaction (symbiosis) in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species neither benefit nor are harmed.
Explanation:
Answer:
Having considered how an appropriate primary immune response is mounted to pathogens in both the peripheral lymphoid system and the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, we now turn to immunological memory, which is a feature of both compartments. Perhaps the most important consequence of an adaptive immune response is the establishment of a state of immunological memory. Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously, and reflects the preexistence of a clonally expanded population of antigen-specific lymphocytes. Memory responses, which are called secondary, tertiary, and so on, depending on the number of exposures to antigen, also differ qualitatively from primary responses. This is particularly clear in the case of the antibody response, where the characteristics of antibodies produced in secondary and subsequent responses are distinct from those produced in the primary response to the same antigen. Memory T-cell responses have been harder to study, but can also be distinguished from the responses of naive or effector T cells. The principal focus of this section will be the altered character of memory responses, although we will also discuss emerging explanations of how immunological memory persists after exposure to antigen. A long-standing debate about whether specific memory is maintained by distinct populations of long-lived memory cells that can persist without residual antigen, or by lymphocytes that are under perpetual stimulation by residual antigen, appears to have been settled in favor of the former hypothesis.
