1. Introduction. This paper discusses a special form of positive dependence.
Positive dependence may refer to two random variables that have
a positive covariance, but other definitions of positive dependence have
been proposed as well; see [24] for an overview. Random variables X =
(X1, . . . , Xd) are said to be associated if cov{f(X), g(X)} ≥ 0 for any
two non-decreasing functions f and g for which E|f(X)|, E|g(X)|, and
E|f(X)g(X)| all exist [13]. This notion has important applications in probability
theory and statistical physics; see, for example, [28, 29].
However, association may be difficult to verify in a specific context. The
celebrated FKG theorem, formulated by Fortuin, Kasteleyn, and Ginibre in
[14], introduces an alternative notion and establishes that X are associated if
∗
SF was supported in part by an NSERC Discovery Research Grant, KS by grant
#FA9550-12-1-0392 from the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) and
the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), CU by the Austrian Science
Fund (FWF) Y 903-N35, and PZ by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme
PIOF-GA-2011-300975.
MSC 2010 subject classifications: Primary 60E15, 62H99; secondary 15B48
Keywords and phrases: Association, concentration graph, conditional Gaussian distribution,
faithfulness, graphical models, log-linear interactions, Markov property, positive
Answer:
im pretty sure B 7.5 units
Step-by-step explanation:
Answer:
So then the correct answer is B. $200.
Step-by-step explanation:
Notation
Let X be the average contribution size before John makes his contribution.
Let Y be the total contribution size before John makes his contribution.
Let Z be John's contribution.
We know that for this case $ 75 represent the original average amount before the contribution with 50% increase so we can set up the following equation in order to find the original average amount
And solvong for X we got:
Now we can find the total contribution before the donation with the following proportion:
And then with the formula of average taking in count the 6 values we can find the size of donation Z like this:
So then the correct answer is B. $200.
