The genotype of the Q gene is homozygous dominant because it has 2 dominant genes and when a genotypes has two of the same type of genes it is homozygous. If it has different genes it is heterozygous.
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Clues such as fossils such as bones, footprints, tar, etc, preserved underground helped inform scientists. You can also count how old a tree is when you cut it open and there are some alive for thousands of years so that is a possible way.
Biogeochemical cycles are important because they regulate the elements necessary for life on earth by cycling them through biological and physical aspects of the word.
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