Founded in 1900 by Thomas Edison, Willis R. Whitney, and Charles Steinmetz, this lab defined industrial research for years to come.
Answer - Race as a categorizing term referring to human beings was first used in the English language in the late 16th century. Until the 18th century it had a generalized meaning similar to other classifying terms such as type, sort, or kind. Occasional literature of Shakespeare’s time referred to a “race of saints” or “a race of bishops.” By the 18th century, race was widely used for sorting and ranking the peoples in the English colonies—Europeans who saw themselves as free people, Amerindians who had been conquered, and Africans who were being brought in as slave labour—and this usage continues today.
The peoples conquered and enslaved were physically different from western and northern Europeans, but such differences were not the sole cause for the construction of racial categories. The English had a long history of separating themselves from others and treating foreigners, such as the Irish, as alien “others.” By the 17th century their policies and practices in Ireland had led to an image of the Irish as “savages” who were incapable of being civilized. Proposals to conquer the Irish, take over their lands, and use them as forced labour failed largely because of Irish resistance. It was then that many Englishmen turned to the idea of colonizing the New World. Their attitudes toward the Irish set precedents for how they were to treat the New World Indians and, later, Africans.
We show that municipalities that are exogenously exposed to the Drug War experience a 40% decrease in export growth on the intensive margin. Large exporters suffer larger effects, along with exports of more complex, capital intensive, and skill intensive products. Finally, using firm level data, we provide evidence consistent with violence increasing marginal exporting costs.
Progressivism was a collective of different ideas and activities, and was not a tightly organized political movement with a specific set of goals. In other words, In was a series of responses to problems in American society that had emerged from the growth of industry. Progressives often believed that industrialization and urbanization had created many social problems. Once they saw the poverty of the working class and the filth of crime of urban society, reformers started doubting the free markets ability to address those problems. Progressives belonged to both major political parties, most of them being urban, educated, middle-class Americans. Among their leaders were journalists, social workers, educators, politicians, and members of the clergy. The reason the progressives through the they could improve society was their strong faith in science and technology; the application of scientific knowledge had produced the lightbulb, the telephone, and the automobile. Thinking that science and technology had benefited people; thus, progressives believed using scientific principles could also produce solutions for society.
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