They traded with them selves.
Their civilization has never paused, or changed. They still have their old cultures (sort of) They still have the same language.
Because they actually belonged to the feudal lord who let serfs work on his land in exchange for food while at the same time the serfs were offered protection in times of despair and need.
Guns and butter generally refers to the dynamics involved in a federal government's allocations to defense versus social programs when deciding on a budget. Both areas can be critically important to a nation's economy. Times of war can have a substantial effect on a country's economy and its societal progression.
They all refer to the different types of government systems there are. An example would be that the United States has a a federal government system because both the state governments and national government share equal power.